The measurement

A thermometer with no sensor calibration to lose.

Johnson noise thermometry reads thermodynamic temperature from the random electrical noise that thermal agitation produces in any resistor. Working with NPL, we developed the first version practical enough for use outside the laboratory.


Resistance changes. The temperature reading does not.

The sensor below is held at a constant temperature while its resistance is varied to represent the effects of contamination, oxidation or transmutation. The raw noise signal responds to that alone, because resistance is in the Nyquist relation.

The temperature readout stays constant as the sensor’s resistance changes.

Johnson noise · live concept
–– °C
temperature · stable
noise RMS
resistor → differential amplifier → measured noise
Contamination changes the sensor’s resistance and its electrical noise. The measured temperature remains constant, because resistance is measured from the same block of data as the noise, so it never has to be known in advance, held stable or calibrated.